Vitamins are essential nutrients that an organism requires in limited quantities to be in optimal conditions.
An organic chemical compound (or a related group of compounds) is called a “vitamin” when the body is unable to synthesize that compound in sufficient quantity and therefore must obtain it through food; thus, the term “vitamin” is conditioned by circumstances and the particular organism. For example, ascorbic acid (a form of vitamin C) is a vitamin for humans, but not for most other animal organisms.
Possible supplementation may be important for the treatment of certain health problems (e.g. post-operative debilitation states, severe stress not compensated by sufficient/correct diet and rest, etc.), but there is little evidence of nutritional benefits when used by healthy people with a well balanced diet.
By convention, the term vitamin does not include other essential nutrients, such as mineral salts, essential fatty acids or essential amino acids (which are needed in greater quantities than vitamins), nor the large number of other nutrients needed for the health of the body. Thirteen vitamins are currently universally recognised. Vitamins are classified by their biological and chemical activity, but not by their structure. Thus, for each “vitamin” we refer to a series of compound vitamins that show all the biological activities associated with a particular vitamin. Such a series of chemical substances is grouped under a “generic descriptor” accompanied by a letter of the alphabet, such as “vitamin A”, which includes retinal compounds, retinol and the four known carotenoids. Vitamins by definition are convertible into the active form of the vitamin in the body, and are sometimes interconvertible with each other.
Vitamins possess different biochemical functions. Some, such as vitamin D, have hormone-like functions as regulators of mineral metabolism or regulators of tissue and cell growth and differentiation (such as some forms of vitamin A). Others function as antioxidants (e.g. vitamin E and sometimes vitamin C). The largest group of vitamins, B vitamins, function as precursors for enzymatic cofactors, helping enzymes in their work as catalysts in metabolism. In this role, vitamins can be closely related to enzymes as part of prosthetic groups: for example, biotin is one of the enzymes involved in the production of fatty acids. They can also function as coenzymes, detachable molecules that work to transport chemical groups or electrons between molecules. For example, folic acid can carry methyl, aldehydes and methylene groups into the cell. Although these roles assist in enzyme-substrate reactions are the best known functions of vitamins, other tasks are equally important.
Until the mid 1930s, when the first B vitamin complex extracted from yeast and semi-synthetic vitamin C supplement tablets were marketed, vitamins were taken exclusively through food and changes in diet (which could occur during a particular harvest season, for example) usually altered the type and amount of vitamins ingested. However, vitamins have been synthesized as basic chemicals and made widely available as multivitamin supplements and food additives since the mid-twentieth century. The study of activity, structural function and their role in maintaining health is called “vitaminology”.
List of vitamins
Each vitamin is typically used in multiple reactions and, as a result, most have multiple functions.
Table of Contents
- 1 Health effects
- 2 Supplements
- 2.1 Men's Daily Multimineral Multivitamin Supplement. Vitamins A C E D B1 B2 B3 B5 B6 B12. Magnesium, Biotin, Spirulina, Zinc. Antioxidant Properties, Immune Health. 60 Capsules
- 2.2 Brain Supplement Nootropics Booster - Enhance Focus, Boost Concentration, Improve Memory & Clarity for Men & Women, Ginkgo Biloba, Dmae, Mind Enhancement, Iq Neuro Energy, Vitamin B12 Bacopa Monnieri
- 2.3 Centrum Adult (200 Count) Multivitamin / Multimineral Supplement Tablet, Vitamin D3
- 2.4 VitaRaw Immune Support Vitamins - Zinc, Elderberry, Vitamin C, Echinacea, Olive Leaf, Goldenseal | Powerful Immunity Booster Capsules For Adults | Immune System Booster Supplement For Cold and Flu Aid
- 2.5 NATURELO One Daily Multivitamin for Men - with Whole Food Vitamins, Organic Extracts - Natural Supplement - Best for Energy, General Health - Non-GMO - 120 Capsules | 4 Month Supply
- 2.6 Vitamin K2 (MK7) with D3 Supplement Bone and Heart Health Non-GMO Gluten Free Formula 5000 IU Vitamin D3 & 90 mcg Vitamin K2 MK-7 Easy to Swallow Vitamin D & K Complex, 120 Capsules
- 2.7 N1N Daily Multivitamin for Men, Premium Multimineral Supplement - Vitamins A C E D B1 B2 B3 B5 B6 B12. Magnesium, Zinc, Biotin, Spirulina, Antioxidants, All Natural, 60 Veg Caps
- 2.8 Vitamin K2 + D3 with Organic Coconut Oil for Better Absorption | 2-in-1 Support for Your Heart, Bones & Teeth | Vegan Certified, GMO & Gluten Free (60 Veggie Softgels)
- 2.9 Immunity Boost Supplement with Elderberry, Vitamin A, Echinacea & Zinc - Once Daily Multi-System Immune Defense - Promotes Healthy Stress Response - Supports a Healthy Respiratory System - 90 Capsules
- 2.10 Cosequin Plus MSM Chewable Tablets, 60ct
- 3 Deficiencies
- 4 Side Effects
- 5 Absorption
- 6 Pharmacology
- 7 History
- 8 Government regulations
- 9 Nomenclature
- 10 Antivitamins
- 11 Buy Vitamins Online
- 11.1 Centrum Silver Women Multivitamin / Multimineral Supplement Tablet, Vitamin D3, Age 50+, 200 Count (Pack of 1)
- 11.2 Centrum Silver Men (200 Count) Multivitamin / Multimineral Supplement Tablet, Vitamin D3, Age 50+
- 11.3 Hair Skin and Nails Vitamins with Biotin & Vitamin C by Nature's Bounty Optimal Solutions, Hair Skin and Nails Gummies - Strawberry Flavored, 140 Gummies
- 11.4 Centrum Adult (200 Count) Multivitamin / Multimineral Supplement Tablet, Vitamin D3
- 11.5 PreserVision AREDS 2 Vitamin & Mineral Supplement 120 Count Soft Gels, Packaging May Vary
- 11.6 NatureWise Vitamin D3 5,000 IU (1 Year Supply) for Healthy Muscle Function, Bone Health, and Immune Support Non-GMO in Cold-Pressed Organic Olive Oil Gluten-Free (Packaging May Vary) [360 Count]
- 11.7 Men's Daily Multimineral Multivitamin Supplement. Vitamins A C E D B1 B2 B3 B5 B6 B12. Magnesium, Biotin, Spirulina, Zinc. Antioxidant Properties, Immune Health. 60 Capsules
- 11.8 Vitamin D3 by Nature's Bounty, Supports Immune Health & Bone Health, 2000IU per Serving, 350 Softgels
- 11.9 Nature's Bounty Vitamin B-12 1000 Mcg, Supports Energy Metabolism 200 Coated Tablets
- 11.10 Vitamin D Deficiency - Signs and Symptoms You Must Know
Health effects
Vitamins are essential for normal growth and development of a multicellular organism. Using the genetic model inherited from its parents, a fetus begins to develop from the moment of conception thanks to the nutrients it absorbs. It is therefore necessary that certain vitamins and minerals are present at certain times. These nutrients facilitate the chemical reactions that form, among other things, the skin, bones and muscles. If there is a serious deficiency of one or more of these nutrients, a child may suffer from an illness; even minor deficiencies can cause serious permanent damage.
For the most part, vitamins are obtained through diet, but some by other means. For example, microorganisms in the intestine, commonly known as “intestinal flora”, are able to produce vitamin K and biotin, while a form of vitamin D is synthesized in the skin with the help of natural sunlight at ultraviolet wavelength. Humans can produce some vitamins from precursors that they assimilate. Examples include vitamin A, produced by beta-carotene, and niacin, produced by tryptophan.
Once growth and development are complete, vitamins remain essential nutrients for the healthy maintenance of the cells, tissues and organs that make up a multicellular organism; they also allow a multi-cellular life form to efficiently use the chemical energy provided by the food it eats and to help process the proteins, carbohydrates and fats needed for metabolism.
Supplements
Men's Daily Multimineral Multivitamin Supplement. Vitamins A C E D B1 B2 B3 B5 B6 B12. Magnesium, Biotin, Spirulina, Zinc. Antioxidant Properties, Immune Health. 60 Capsules
- WHY CHOOSE US: Lethargic? Zero Motivation? Unsatisfactory Health? Vimerson Health may have you feeling healthier and more energized* with this perfectly combined daily multivitamin and mineral supplement; Our blend enhances energy and improves mood*, supports the immune system*, urinary function and also boosts and enhances performances*
- PROMOTES OVERALL HEALTH: This dietary supplement contains an advanced multivitamin complex that may help increase energy and stamina levels, enhance nervous and immune systems, improve vision, improve antioxidant capabilities, enhances general male health and well being*
- SUPERIOR PROPRIETARY BLEND: Our unique proprietary blend includes Zinc, Selenium, and Vitamins A, C, D, and E plus B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B12, as well as Spirulina, Calcium, Lutein, and Magnesium; This blend of vitamins and minerals is designed to boost brain, digestive, and immune health;* Each capsule supports better vision, skin care, healthy weight management, and occasional joint pain relief*
- SAFE, EFFECTIVE INGREDIENTS: Vimerson Health’s Men’s Multivitamins are formulated with the safest and most gentle ingredients; The supplement is soy-free, yeast-free, sugar-free, GMO-free, gluten-free, and dairy-free; Vimerson Health reminds customers to consult a health care professional before taking this or any other supplement
- ENHANCED, EFFICIENT & PURE CAPSULES ideal to help ease symptoms caused by the everyday wear and tear of the Modern Man of today, professional adult or retired senior;* Vimerson Health supplements are designed to support your choice for a healthier you; Proudly made in the U.S.A. and GMP-Certified
Brain Supplement Nootropics Booster - Enhance Focus, Boost Concentration, Improve Memory & Clarity for Men & Women, Ginkgo Biloba, Dmae, Mind Enhancement, Iq Neuro Energy, Vitamin B12 Bacopa Monnieri
- High quality nootropic - our brain supplement may help enhance cognitive function through key nutrient supplementation. Each nootropic capsule contains highly effective ingredients that may help improve memory, focus, mental clarity and alertness.
- Alertness without the buzz & crash – nootropics have been known to help reduce fatigue, while fighting the detrimental effects of mental fogginess. Our Brain Booster contains key ingredients such as Dmae, which may help produce feelings of improved mental clarity, cognitive ability, memory and physical energy.
- Done with distractions – the natural ingredients in our Brain Booster may work to improve mood and enhance alertness in order to aid logical processing. When the mind is active and in the right state, logical reasoning and creativeness are enhanced.
- Only high quality ingredients - our products are made from all high quality vitamins, minerals with herbal extracts, non-gmo, and free of hormones and ingredients free from gluten.
- Professionally formulated – Vital Vitamins Brain Booster is professionally formulated and made in the Usa with global ingredients in a Gmp certified facility which follows strict cGmp guidelines and is third party tested for purity and potency ensuring highest quality pills in each batch.
Centrum Adult (200 Count) Multivitamin / Multimineral Supplement Tablet, Vitamin D3
- Includes 200 tablets of Centrum Adult daily multivitamin supplement for men and women
- Backed by over 35 years of nutritional science, Centrum is the most complete multivitamin, with Centrum’s highest levels of Vitamin D3
- Age adjusted for adults under age 50 with key nutrients to support energy, immunity and metabolism (2)
- The Number 1 doctor and pharmacist recommended multivitamin brand (3)
- Verified non GMO (1) and gluten free multivitamin that’s easy to swallow
VitaRaw Immune Support Vitamins - Zinc, Elderberry, Vitamin C, Echinacea, Olive Leaf, Goldenseal | Powerful Immunity Booster Capsules For Adults | Immune System Booster Supplement For Cold and Flu Aid
- ✅ A POWERHOUSE IMMUNE SYSTEM BOOSTER – Bolster up your body's immune defense with VitaRaw's Comprehensive Immunity booster, loaded with elderberries & other key nutrients to promote the best immunity support. An advanced combination of all the powerful immune support vitamins & elderberry pills in one bottle: Vitamin C, Zinc, Elderberry, Echinacea GoldenSeal, Garlic Bulb, Olive leaf extract, mullein leaf & horehound.
- ✅ STRENGTHEN YOUR BODY'S DEFENSE: ELDERBERRY, ZINC & VITAMIN C immune support - give your body the ultimate edge when it needs it most! Not just a simple Vitamin C Supplement, but a combination of sambucus elderberry, zinc, vitamin C, Fenugreek, olive leaf extract and more! A complete immune system supplement & the perfect natural alternative to cold and flu medicine. VitaRaw’s immunity vitamins assist to Fortify & Enhance immune health all year round!
- ✅ A UNIQUE RESPIRATORY BLEND – VitaRaw's Immune booster is pack with respiratory support ingredients! Echinacea: The ultimate herbal remedy frequently used to promote clear lungs & alleviate symptoms of sore throat & cold. Mullein: helps to reduce mucus from the lungs & treats respiratory congestion. Horehound: often found in lozenges and syrups, used for the natural treatment of coughs. For all its medicinal qualities, Echinacea, Mullein, and Horehound are part of our authentic formula.
- ✅ WHICH IMMUNE SUPPLEMENT IS THE RIGHT CHOICE? Unlike standard immune boosters with a couple bare ingredients, our research-based immune defense pills combine the immense power of elderberry capsules, zinc capsules, echinacea capsules, vitamin C capsules and more, to provide you with an all-in-ONE optimal lung support supplement. We formulated this top notch multi-vitamin to support all of your immunity needs in just one single power packed easy-to-swallow pill.
- ✅ A BRAND YOU CAN TRUST - Our Immune support vitamins are made with veggie capsules & contains zero gelatin, suitable for vegetarians & is also gluten free. Our Manufacturing FDA registered facility is in the USA & has passed Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) quality standards ensuring our products safety standards. Your experience is our #1 priority, if you have any questions or concerns, please message us, we are always here to help in any way we can!
NATURELO One Daily Multivitamin for Men - with Whole Food Vitamins, Organic Extracts - Natural Supplement - Best for Energy, General Health - Non-GMO - 120 Capsules | 4 Month Supply
- ★ Contains NATURAL Vitamins A, B Complex, C, D3, E, K2 ★ Minerals - Calcium, Magnesium, Zinc, Selenium, Potassium ★ Antioxidants from ORGANIC Fruit and Vegetable Extracts
- ★ GMO Free ★ Soy Free ★ Gluten Free ★ No Gelatin ★ No Preservatives, Coloring or Flavoring
- ★ Supports Immunity, Vitality & Wellness ★ High Quality ★ Made in the USA
- ★ Features B12 from Methylcobalamin ★ B6 from P-5-P ★ MTHFR-friendly Folate (not Folic Acid) ★ Biotin ★ Vitamin C from Organic Acerola Cherries ★ Vitamin E from Organic Rice Bran ★ Plant-based Calcium from Algae ★ Iodine from Organic Kelp
- ★ Vegetarian Formula with Raw B-Complex Vitamins Cultured in Probiotics ★ Top Rated, Best Selling Male Multi ★ Stop Wasting Your Money on Ineffective Supplements ★ Experience the NATURELO Difference Today!
Vitamin K2 (MK7) with D3 Supplement Bone and Heart Health Non-GMO Gluten Free Formula 5000 IU Vitamin D3 & 90 mcg Vitamin K2 MK-7 Easy to Swallow Vitamin D & K Complex, 120 Capsules
- THE PERFECT PAIR: Vitamins K2 & D3 were simply meant to be together. Most people know the benefits of Vitamin D, but many don’t realize that Vitamin D NEEDS Vitamin K2 to maximize it’s benefits.
- STRONG BONES & HEALTHY HEART: Vitamin K2D3 not only promotes the proper absorption of calcium with D3, but the correct distribution to your bones where you need it most.
- SUPERIOR QUALITY VEGETARIAN CAPSULES: Laboratory tested, NON-GMO, GLUTEN FREE, & SOY FREE. All Bronson products are tested in our state-of-the-art FDA cGMP registered facility in New York.
- TRUSTED SINCE 1960: The pioneers of Bronson Vitamins were a group of pharmacists who witnessed the benefits of vitamins and mineral supplementation firsthand with their patients. Bronson Vitamins have been consistently mentioned by top medical professionals since our inception in 1960.
- 1 YEAR SATISFACTION GUARANTEE: We back our products up with a 365-day hassle-free money back guarantee. There's no risk when you order now!
- POWER-PACKED MULTIVITAMINS FOR MEN Feeling sluggish? Lacking motivation? Keep your energy rolling with N1 Nutrition Men Multivitamins as it boosts your energy levels while supporting your immune system, urinary function, and enhances your performance.
- PROMOTES OVERALL HEALTH. This dietary supplement is specially formulated for men's optimal health and nutrient needs. It helps increase stamina levels, enhances nervous and immune system, improves vision and antioxidant capabilities.
- SUPERIOR PROPRIETARY BLEND Our unique blend includes Zinc, Selenium, and Vitamins A, C, D, and E plus B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B12, as well as Spirulina, Calcium, Lutein, and Magnesium. This unique blend is designed to help both your body and mind perform its best with antioxidants to meet the demands of your physical activities. It also helps support better vision, skin care, healthy weight management,and joint pain relief
- SAFE AND ALL NATURAL INGREDIENTS. Contains pure and all natural powerhouse ingredients formulated to provide complete nutrients that’s gentle on the stomach and yet packed with everything you need to get through the day. It is GMO-free, gluten-free, soy-free and dairy-free with no preservatives.
- 36 POTENT INGREDIENTS to fuel your body and mind. Made in the USA in an FDA registered facility that adopts GMP to ensure quality & potency. Be at the top of your game and experience all day energy only with Number One Nutrition. Get yours today!
Vitamin K2 + D3 with Organic Coconut Oil for Better Absorption | 2-in-1 Support for Your Heart, Bones & Teeth | Vegan Certified, GMO & Gluten Free (60 Veggie Softgels)
- 2-in-1 SUPPORT: 5000 IU (125mcg) of Vitamin D3 & 100 mcg of Vitamin K2 MK-7 for bone health, muscle function and energy support.*
- BETTER THAN THE REST: The only Non-GMO Verified, Vegan Certified, 100% Plant Based Vitamin K2+D3 available. Free of Animal Ingredients such as Lanolin and Bovine.
- PLANT-BASED INGREDIENTS: 100% Vegan Vitamin D3 from Lichen and MenaQ7 Vitamin K2 from Chickpea encapsulated in a Non-GMO Tapioca softgel capsule.
- WITH COCONUT OIL: Vitamin K2 & D3 are both fat soluble and difficult for the body to absorb if not taken with a fat. To help absorption we blend our product with Coconut Oil.
- MONEY BACK GUARANTEE: All Sports Research (SR) Vitamins & Supplements come with a 90 day Money Back Guarantee (See below for details).^
Immunity Boost Supplement with Elderberry, Vitamin A, Echinacea & Zinc - Once Daily Multi-System Immune Defense - Promotes Healthy Stress Response - Supports a Healthy Respiratory System - 90 Capsules
- IMMUNE SUPPORT: BioSchwartz Clean & Ultra Pure Immunity Boost defense formula features Vitamin C, Zinc, and 17 natural ingredients including Elderberry & Echinacea to help strengthen the body’s defenses to keep you protected year round with extra immunity support.
- PROMOTES ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY: BioSchwartz Clean & Ultra Pure Immunity Boost has powerhouse antioxidant ingredients including Elderberry, Zinc and Vitamin C to help fight off free radicals that can damage cells and impact immune health.
- PURITY TESTED AND ALLERGEN FREE: Each and every batch of our Immunity Boost Formula is third party tested to guarantee the highest purity, potency, and premium quality. Our formula has been manufactured without GMOS, soy, gluten, milk, egg, wheat, peanuts, or shellfish. They also don't include preservatives, artificial ingredients, fillers, chemicals or color additives.
- FORMULATED BY PROFESSIONALS: Each one of our professional grade supplements is created by a team of highly experienced healthcare professionals in the USA in an FDA-approved facility following strict GMP guidelines to ensure the greatest benefits are achieved.
- 100% SATISFACTION - MONEY BACK GUARANTEE: We want you to be fully satisfied! That’s why we back every order with our 100% Satisfaction Guarantee so you can shop with confidence. If you are not satisfied with our product, you are protected by our no questions asked, money-back guarantee.
Cosequin Plus MSM Chewable Tablets, 60ct
- COSEQUIN is the #1 veterinarian recommended retail joint health supplement brand and has scientifically researched ingredients
- Your veterinarian may suggest COSEQUIN supplements if your dog is having difficulties climbing stairs, jumping into the car, or going for walks
- COSEQUIN supplements are formulated to meet a variety of needs
- COSEQUIN for dogs is available in a tasty chicken flavored chewable tablet to help your dog maintain healthy joints and support joint mobility
- Manufactured in the United States with globally sourced ingredients, COSEQUIN is a high quality, dog joint supplement, and is excellent for long-term use and maintenance
In those who are in good health, there is no evidence that vitamin supplements can bring any health benefits. Not only do vitamin A and E supplements not provide health benefits for healthy individuals, but they can increase mortality, although two major studies that support this conclusion include smokers in the statistical sample, for whom beta-carotene supplements are already known to be harmful. While other studies suggest that the toxicity of vitamin E is limited to only one specific form when taken in excess.
The European Union and other countries have rules defining dose limits for vitamins (and minerals) for their safe use as food supplements. Most vitamins sold as supplements may not exceed a maximum daily intake. Preparations that exceed these legal limits are not considered to be food supplements and can only be sold on prescription because of their potential side effects. As a result, most of the fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E and K), which contain more than the daily dose, are pharmaceutical products. The daily dose of a vitamin supplement, for example, may not exceed 300% of the recommended daily dose and, for vitamin A, this limit is even lower (200%). These regulations are applicable in most European countries.
Food supplements often contain vitamins, but may also include other ingredients, such as minerals, herbs and vegetables. There is scientific evidence to support the benefits of food supplements for people with certain health conditions. In some cases, vitamin supplements can have undesirable effects, especially if taken before surgery, in conjunction with other dietary supplements or medications, or if the person has certain health conditions. They may also contain levels of vitamins many times higher, and in different forms, than can be ingested through food.
Deficiencies
Human beings must consume vitamins periodically, to avoid deficiencies. The ability of the human body to store different vitamins varies widely; vitamins A, D and B12 are stored in significant amounts in the human body, mainly in the liver, and the diet of an adult human being may be deficient in vitamins A and D for many months and, in some cases, B12 for years, before a deficiency condition develops. However, the human body is unable to store vitamin B3 (niacin and niacinamide) in significant amounts, so reserves can only last a couple of weeks. Experimental studies on vitamin C deficiency have shown that scurvy occurs after a period of complete deprivation which can vary widely, from one month to more than six months, depending on the individual’s previous dietary history.
Vitamin deficiencies are classified as primary or secondary. A primary deficiency occurs when an organism does not obtain a sufficient measure of this vitamin from its diet. A secondary deficiency may be due to an underlying disease that prevents or restricts the absorption or use of the vitamin, due to factors such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption or the use of drugs that interfere with absorption or use. People who eat a varied diet are unlikely to develop a severe primary vitamin deficiency. On the contrary, restrictive diets have the potential to cause prolonged vitamin deficiency, which can cause illnesses that are often painful and potentially fatal.
The conditions of vitamin deficiency in humans are well known: thiamine deficiency leads to beriberi, niacin deficiency to pellagra, vitamin C deficiency to scurvy and vitamin D deficiency to rickets. In much of the developed world, such deficiencies are rare; this is due both to an adequate supply of food and to the addition of vitamins and minerals to common foods, often called fortification. In addition to these classic vitamin-deficiency diseases, some evidence has also suggested correlations between vitamin deficiency and a number of different diseases.
Side Effects
Side effects have been documented after taking large doses of some vitamins, which tend to be more severe at higher dosages. The likelihood of excessive consumption of any vitamin from simple food is a remote possibility, but an overdose from vitamin supplementation can occur. At high dosages, some vitamins cause side effects such as nausea, diarrhea and vomiting. When the side effects emerge, healing is often achieved by reducing the dosage. Vitamin doses are distinguished by the fact that individual tolerances can vary greatly and seem to be related to the age of the individual and his or her state of health.
In 2008, overdose to all vitamin and multivitamin-mineral formulations was reported in 68,911 cases in the United States, almost 80% of these concerned children under 6 years of age, with 8 cases involving a life-threatening death.
Absorption
The absorption of vitamins is sensitive to environmental factors such as heat, presence of air and light, acid/base pH, and therefore can vary with the way food is stored, cooked and food associations within the same meal.
- Vitamin A: sensitive to heat, light, air and acidity.
- Vitamin B12: sensitive to light.
- Vitamin C: sensitive to heat (it degrades immediately at a temperature of 40° and after two days at room temperature), light, air and alkalinity.
- Vitamin D: sensitive to air and acidity.
- Vitamin E: sensitive to heat, light and air.
- Vitamin K: sensitive to light and alkalinity.
- Vitamin B1: sensitive to heat, air and alkalinity.
- Vitamin B2: sensitive to heat, light and alkalinity.
- Vitamin B3 or PP: resistant under all conditions.
- Vitamin B5: sensitive to heat.
- Vitamin B6: sensitive to light.
- Vitamin B9: sensitive to heat, light, air and acidity.
Coffee reduces the absorption of vitamins in general.
Pharmacology
Vitamins are classified as water-soluble (water-soluble) or fat-soluble (lipid-soluble). In humans there are 13 vitamins: 4 fat-soluble (A, D, E and K) and 9 water-soluble (8 B vitamins and vitamin C). The water-soluble vitamins dissolve easily in water and, in general, are easily expelled from the body and diuresis is a strong predictor of the consumption of these vitamins. Since they are not so easily stored, a consistent, daily intake is important. Cases of hypervitaminosis from water-soluble vitamins are rare. The only exception is vitamin B12, which is water-soluble, but which is accumulated in the liver like fat-soluble vitamins. Many types of water-soluble vitamins are synthesized by bacteria. The fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed through the intestinal tract with the help of lipids (fats). Since they are more likely to accumulate in the body, fat-soluble vitamins are more likely to cause hypervitaminosis. The regulation of fat-soluble vitamins is of particular importance in cystic fibrosis.
History
The need to eat a certain food to maintain health is a fact that was recognized long before vitamins were identified. The ancient Egyptians knew that eating the liver could help in the treatment of night blindness, a disease now known to be caused by vitamin A deficiency. During the Renaissance, the beginning of the era of oceanic navigation caused seafarers prolonged periods of deprivation of fresh fruit and vegetables, and therefore diseases due to vitamin deficiencies became common among ship crews.
In 1747, the Scottish surgeon James Lind discovered that citrus fruits were able to prevent scurvy, a particularly deadly disease in which collagen is not properly formed, causing difficult wound healing, gum bleeding, pain and eventually death. In 1753, Lind published his treatise on the Scurvy (Treatise on the Scurvy), which recommended the use of lemons to avoid the dreaded disease; this advice was adopted by the British Royal Navy. Lind’s discovery, however, was not widely accepted by the top brass of the naval military unit, so much so that during the Royal Navy’s Arctic expeditions in the 19th century, there was a widespread belief that scurvy could be prevented by proper personal hygiene, regular exercise and keeping crew morale high, rather than by eating fresh food. As a result, Arctic expeditions continued to suffer from scurvy and other vitamin deficiency diseases. In the 20th century, when Robert Falcon Scott made his two expeditions to Antarctica, the prevailing medical theory at the time claimed that scurvy was caused by “contaminated” canned food.
During the late 18th century and early 19th, the use of deprivation studies allowed scientists to isolate and identify a range of vitamins. Lipids from fish oil were used to treat rickets in rats and fat-soluble nutrients were called “anti rickets A”. Thus, the first ever isolated bioactive “vitamin” that healed rickets was initially called “vitamin A”; however, the bioactivity of this compound is now called vitamin D. In 1881, Russian surgeon Nikolai Lunin studied the effects of scurvy during his work at the University of Tartu in modern Estonia. He fed the mice with an artificial mixture of all the separate components of milk known at that time, i.e. protein, fat, carbohydrates and salts. The mice that received only the individual components died, while those fed from the same milk developed normally. He concluded, therefore, that “a natural food such as milk must contain, in addition to these main known ingredients, small quantities of unknown substances essential for life. However, his conclusions were rejected by other researchers when he was unable to reproduce the results. A major difference was that he had used table sugar (sucrose), while the other researchers had used milk sugar (lactose), which contained small amounts of vitamin B.
In East Asia, where white rice was the common staple food of the middle class, beriberi disease, resulting from lack of vitamin B1, was endemic. In 1884, Takaki Kanehiro, a British medical expert in the Japanese Imperial Navy, observed that the disease was very common among low-ranking crew members who often ate only rice, but not among officers on a Western-style diet. With the support of the Japanese navy, he conducted an experiment with crews of two battleships; one crew was supplied only white rice, while the other was fed a diet of meat, fish, barley, rice and beans. In the group that had only white rice, 161 cases of beriberi were documented among the crew, with 25 deaths, while the second group had only 14 cases and no deaths. This convinced Takaki and the Japanese Navy that the type of diet was the cause of beriberi, but they mistakenly believed that only a sufficient amount of protein was needed. The pathological conditions that can result from certain dietary deficiencies were further studied by Christiaan Eijkman, who in 1897 discovered that brown rice instead of white rice for chickens helped prevent beriberi. The following year, Frederick Hopkins hypothesized that some foods contained “ancillary factors” – besides protein, carbohydrates, fats, etc. – and that they were not only “ancillary factors”. – that are necessary for the functions of the human body. Hopkins and Eijkman were awarded the Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine in 1929 for the discovery of numerous vitamins.
In 1910, the first vitamin complex was isolated by the Japanese scientist Umetaro Suzuki, who succeeded in extracting a water-soluble complex of micronutrients from rice bran. This discovery was published in a Japanese scientific journal. When the article was translated into German, the translation failed to make it clear that it was a newly discovered nutrient and, therefore, did not arouse the right interest. In 1912 the Polish biochemist Casimir Funk isolated the same micronutrient complex and proposed the complex called “vitamins” (from “vital amine”). It was later recognized as vitamin B3 (niacin), although at first he thought it was thiamine (vitamin B1) and described it as “anti beriberi factor”. Funk also proposed that other diseases, such as rickets, pellagra, celiac disease and scurvy could be treated with vitamins. The name soon became synonymous with “accessory factors” and it later proved that not all vitamins are amines, but the term was already omnipresent.
In 1930, Paul Karrer clarified the correct structure for beta-carotene, the main precursor of vitamin A, and identified other carotenoids. Karrer and Norman Haworth confirmed Albert Szent-Györgyi’s discovery of ascorbic acid and made a significant contribution to flavin chemistry, which led to the identification of riboflavin. For their studies on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2, both received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1937.
In 1931, Albert Szent-Györgyi and Joseph Svirbely suspected that ascorbic acid was actually vitamin C and handed over a sample to Charles Glen King, who demonstrated its anti-scurvy activity in a lengthy test performed on guinea pigs. In 1937, Szent-Györgyi was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine for his discovery. In 1943, Edward Adelbert Doisy and Henrik Dam received the Nobel Prize for Medicine for the discovery of vitamin K and its chemical structure. In 1967, George Wald was awarded the Nobel Prize (together with Ragnar Granit and Haldan Keffer Hartline) for his discovery of the direct participation of the vitamin in a physiological process.
Government regulations
Most countries place food supplements in a special category within the general food framework, but do not consider them to be pharmaceutical products. This means that it is the manufacturer, and not government agencies, that is responsible for ensuring that its food supplements are safe before being placed on the market. The regulations on these aspects, however, vary greatly from country to country.
In the United States, a food supplement is defined by the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994. In addition, the Food and Drug Administration uses a monitoring system to detect adverse events occurring with supplements. In 2007, the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Title 21, Part III, came into force and governs practices in the manufacture, packaging, labeling or storage operations of supplements. Although product registration is not required, these regulations require the production and control of quality standards (including tests for identity, purity and adulteration).
In the European Union, the Food Supplements Directive requires that only supplements that have proved to be harmless may be sold without a prescription. For most vitamins, pharmacopoeia standards have been established. In the United States, the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) sets standards for the most common vitamins and related preparations. Similarly, monographs of the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph.Eur.) regulate aspects concerning the identity and purity of vitamins placed on the European market.
Nomenclature
The reason why the vitamin names jump directly from E to K is that the vitamins corresponding to the letters between F and J have, over time, either been reclassified or discarded or renamed because of their relationship to vitamin B, which has become a vitamin complex.
The German-speaking scientists who isolated and described vitamin K also called it this way because it is intimately involved in blood clotting (from the German word Koagulation). At that time, most (but not all) of the letters F to J had already been designated, so the use of the letter K was considered quite reasonable.
There are other missing B vitamins that have been reclassified or determined as non-vitamins. For example, B9 is folic acid and five of the folates are in the range from B11 to B16; forms of other vitamins already discovered are not required as a basic nutrient (such as B10, 4-aminobenzoic acid), are biologically inactive, toxic or have effects that are unclassifiable in humans, or generally not recognized as vitamins for science,) such as those with the highest number, which some naturopathic practitioners call B21 and B22. There are also nine vitamins with the addition of a letter of the B complex (e.g. BM). There are also D vitamins which are now recognized as other substances. The controversial laetrile for the treatment of cancer was at one point numbered as vitamin B17. There seems to be no consensus on any vitamin Q, R, T, V, W, X, Y or Z, nor are there any substances officially designated as vitamins N or I, although the latter may have been another form of one of the other vitamins or a known and named nutrient of another kind.
Antivitamins
Antivitamins are chemical compounds that inhibit the absorption or action of vitamins. For example, avidin is a protein that inhibits the absorption of biotin. Pyrithiamine is similar to thiamine, vitamin B1, and inhibits enzymes that use thiamine.
Buy Vitamins Online
Centrum Silver Women Multivitamin / Multimineral Supplement Tablet, Vitamin D3, Age 50+, 200 Count (Pack of 1)
- Includes 200 tablets of centrum silver women multivitamin / multimineral supplement, age 50+
- Age adjusted to support the health of women age 50 and older and to help support the heart, brain and eyes (2)
- The most complete multivitamin, with Centrum's highest levels of Vitamin D3 to support bone strength (6)
- Verified non GMO (1) and gluten free vitamin with a smooth coating that's easy to swallow
- #1 doctor and pharmacist recommended brand (4) for multivitamins
Centrum Silver Men (200 Count) Multivitamin / Multimineral Supplement Tablet, Vitamin D3, Age 50+
- Includes 200 tablets of centrum silver women multivitamin / multimineral supplement, age 50+
- Age adjusted to support the health of men age 50+ and to help support the heart, brain and eyes (2)
- The most complete multivitamin, with Centrum’s highest levels of Vitamin D3 to support muscle function (3)
- Verified non GMO (1) and gluten free vitamin with a smooth coating that’s easy to swallow
- Number 1 doctor and pharmacist recommended brand (4) for multivitamins
Hair Skin and Nails Vitamins with Biotin & Vitamin C by Nature's Bounty Optimal Solutions, Hair Skin and Nails Gummies - Strawberry Flavored, 140 Gummies
- Supports Lustrous Hair, Vibrant Skin, and Healthy Nails
- Antioxidant Vitamins C & E
- Delicious Strawberry Flavored Gummies
- Guaranteed Quality
- Laboratory Tested; no milk, no lactose, no soy, no gluten, no wheat, no yeast, no fish.
Centrum Adult (200 Count) Multivitamin / Multimineral Supplement Tablet, Vitamin D3
- Includes 200 tablets of Centrum Adult daily multivitamin supplement for men and women
- Backed by over 35 years of nutritional science, Centrum is the most complete multivitamin, with Centrum’s highest levels of Vitamin D3
- Age adjusted for adults under age 50 with key nutrients to support energy, immunity and metabolism (2)
- The Number 1 doctor and pharmacist recommended multivitamin brand (3)
- Verified non GMO (1) and gluten free multivitamin that’s easy to swallow
PreserVision AREDS 2 Vitamin & Mineral Supplement 120 Count Soft Gels, Packaging May Vary
- PRESERVISION AREDS 2 EYE VITAMINS: This formula uses Lutein & Zeaxanthin, zinc, copper, Vitamin C & Vitamin E to exactly match the nutrient formula recommended by the AMD experts at the National Eye Institute based on the Age Related Eye Disease Study 2.
- AREDS 2 SUPPLEMENT: PreserVision is the #1 doctor recommended eye vitamin based on 20 years of clinical studies to help reduce the risk of progression of moderate to advanced Age-related Macular Degeneration, & uses Lutein & Zeaxanthin.
- EYE VITAMINS FOR HEALTHY EYES: Bausch + Lomb carries a full line of ocular supplements with vitamins, minerals & nutrients that promote eye health, including Ocuvite eye vitamins for general eye health & PreserVision for age-related eye health concerns.
- BAUSCH + LOMB EYE CARE EXPERTS: In 1853, John Jacob Bausch opened an optical goods store in Rochester, New York. Since then, Bausch + Lomb has continued to focus on innovation and quality in eye care products, from contact lenses to lubricant eye drops.
- BAUSCH + LOMB EYE SUPPLEMENTS: Eye health is more than good vision and at Bausch + Lomb, we're focused on all aspects of healthy eyes. Try our eye health vitamins and supplements if you've used other supplements based on the AREDS or AREDS2 study.
NatureWise Vitamin D3 5,000 IU (1 Year Supply) for Healthy Muscle Function, Bone Health, and Immune Support Non-GMO in Cold-Pressed Organic Olive Oil Gluten-Free (Packaging May Vary) [360 Count]
- MOST ACTIVE FORM: NatureWise Vitamin D3 in certified organic olive oil helps to support teeth and bone health, provide immune support, and promote healthy muscle function
- ESSENTIAL VITAMIN: Our formula delivers the same biologically active form of vitamin D produced by the body as a result of sun exposure, without exposure to UVB rays
- GET YOUR DAILY DOSE: The Vitamin D Council recommends 5,000 IU Vitamin D daily for adults to achieve and maintain optimal levels
- HIGHEST POTENCY: Our Vitamin D 5000 IU softgels are easy to swallow. Some research indicates that vitamin D3 in liquid softgel form is more bioavailable than powdered or tablet forms
- PURE & NATURAL: These Vitamin D3 immune support and bone health supplements are gluten-free and non-GMO. Third party tested for purity and potency. Packaging may vary due to high demand, same great product and ingredients.
Men's Daily Multimineral Multivitamin Supplement. Vitamins A C E D B1 B2 B3 B5 B6 B12. Magnesium, Biotin, Spirulina, Zinc. Antioxidant Properties, Immune Health. 60 Capsules
- WHY CHOOSE US: Lethargic? Zero Motivation? Unsatisfactory Health? Vimerson Health may have you feeling healthier and more energized* with this perfectly combined daily multivitamin and mineral supplement; Our blend enhances energy and improves mood*, supports the immune system*, urinary function and also boosts and enhances performances*
- PROMOTES OVERALL HEALTH: This dietary supplement contains an advanced multivitamin complex that may help increase energy and stamina levels, enhance nervous and immune systems, improve vision, improve antioxidant capabilities, enhances general male health and well being*
- SUPERIOR PROPRIETARY BLEND: Our unique proprietary blend includes Zinc, Selenium, and Vitamins A, C, D, and E plus B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B12, as well as Spirulina, Calcium, Lutein, and Magnesium; This blend of vitamins and minerals is designed to boost brain, digestive, and immune health;* Each capsule supports better vision, skin care, healthy weight management, and occasional joint pain relief*
- SAFE, EFFECTIVE INGREDIENTS: Vimerson Health’s Men’s Multivitamins are formulated with the safest and most gentle ingredients; The supplement is soy-free, yeast-free, sugar-free, GMO-free, gluten-free, and dairy-free; Vimerson Health reminds customers to consult a health care professional before taking this or any other supplement
- ENHANCED, EFFICIENT & PURE CAPSULES ideal to help ease symptoms caused by the everyday wear and tear of the Modern Man of today, professional adult or retired senior;* Vimerson Health supplements are designed to support your choice for a healthier you; Proudly made in the U.S.A. and GMP-Certified
Vitamin D3 by Nature's Bounty, Supports Immune Health & Bone Health, 2000IU per Serving, 350 Softgels
- Nature's Bounty,Super Strength D3 - 2000iu
- vitamin d 2000 iu
- vitamin d
- Nature's Bounty
Nature's Bounty Vitamin B-12 1000 Mcg, Supports Energy Metabolism 200 Coated Tablets
- Contains (1) bottle of 200 coated tablets of Nature's Bounty 1000mcg Vitamin B 12 vitamin supplement. Vitamin B 12 supports energy metabolism, aids in the conversion of food into energy and helps the normal formation of blood cells.(1) Suitable for vegetarians
- Nature's Bounty Vitamin B12 1000 mcg Tablets offer a convenient way to increase your intake of an essential vitamin that plays a key role in many areas, including the nervous system.(1) These easy to swallow vitamins are vegetarian friendly and gluten free
- Quality, consistency & scientific research has resulted in vitamins and nutritional supplements of unrivaled excellence. Using the latest breakthroughs in nutritional science & the finest ingredients, we provide supplements of unsurpassed quality and value
- Every Nature’s Bounty product is subjected to numerous quality tests throughout the manufacturing process to verify purity and potency. The ingredients and final product are tested in our microbiological laboratory to make certain that the product is pure
- Our supplements are overseen by scientists, manufacturing specialists and quality experts, each dedicated to maintaining the highest quality standards. Nature’s Bounty only uses ingredients from suppliers that meet GMP supplement quality standards
Vitamin D Deficiency - Signs and Symptoms You Must Know
- Amazon Prime Video (Video on Demand)
- Janice Hudson (Producer)
- English (Playback Language)
- English (Subtitle)
Last update 2020-04-26. Price and availability may vary.